Controlling Software
Software, like any original creative work, can by copyrighted and sent out
into the world with any number of limitations and restrictions attached.
For example, take the case of the Media Console 1.0 that this website
uses on pages that deliver streaming audio or video. We license this
program to other website, and the licenses come in six flavors, as
indicated below. You can download any of the flavors below (except the first
one, that's illegal!), but each flavor has a distinctly different set of rights
and responsibilities attached, even though the source code is identical for
each.
Media Console 1.0 is a .NET utility program that allows visitors to
your website to choose which media player they would prefer to be embedded in
the webpage they are viewing.
The program was created by using algorithms found in various .NET cookbooks,
advice given to me on Usenet newsgroups, and sundry other sources. The
interface was coded by a visual programming tool (Visual Studio 2003). However,
for all that help, and for all of the unoriginality of the program, copyright
law vests in me the right to dictate to the world how this program shall be
sent into the world and under what conditions it may be used by whom.
- Copyhoarding - Keeping it to yourself.
- Licensing - Giving it up for lucre.
- Shareware - Spreading the wealth.
- Copylefting - Ensuring freedom in perpetuity.
- Freeware - Giving it all up, but keeping a little.
- Public Domain - Release.
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Free (as in beer) |
Redistributable |
Unlimited Usage |
Source Code Access |
Source Code Modification |
Derivative Works Must be Free (not as in beer) |
Derivative Works Can be restricted |
| Hoarding |
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| Commercial |
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| Trial |
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| Non-Commercial Use |
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| Shareware |
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| Freeware |
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| Royalty-free libraries |
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| Open Source (BSD) |
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| Open Source (Apache) |
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| GNU LGPL |
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| GNU GPL Public Domain |
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| Public Domain |
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Copyhoarding
Copyhoarding is accomplished when you create an original piece of software,
copyright it, and refuse to distribute or otherwise let anyone else copy the
program.
Licensing
Most software is distributed through licenses. In a license, the software
producer basically allows the purchaser to use the software under certain
specified conditions. The license also stipulates what the purchaser may or may
not do with the software. Have you ever read a Microsoft Software License? If
you have, then you know that you are only renting the software from Microsoft
for specific purposes, and you will be in big trouble if you don't abide by
their terms.
This version of Media Console 1.0 comes with a Microsoft style
license. For an exhorbitant amount, say one million dollars ($1,000,000.00),
you may download this program for your exclusive use only. You may only use
this program on one machine, even if you use several machines in the course of
the day. You may not make any copies of this program, with the exception of one
archive copy. You may not reverse engineer the code object code (so don't
download the source code!), or otherwise attempt to disassemble the object code
(even in the privacy of your bedroom). Don't even think about exporting this
program out of the country.
Shareware
The Shareware model is a "try before you buy on the honor system" scheme in
which copyrighted software is released with the proviso that if the receipeint
find the software of use, then the recipient will pay the producer of the
software a license fee. The "Wolfenstein 3D" and "Doom" games were released as
shareware and became very successful.
CopyLefting
Copylefting is an ingenious scheme promulgated by the GNU Project under the
aegis of the Free Software Foundation which uses the Copyright law to ensure
that copylefted code remains freely available. The concept seeks to utilize the
licensing mechanism to ensure that all subsequent users of a copylefted program
will have access to the source code of the software, and that any improvements
or modifications that they may make to the software will likewise be made
available to all subsequent users.
Freeware
Freeware is like shareware, except the software producer does not charge any
license fees. With freeware, the software producer still retains copyright, and
it generally comes with many of the restrictions found in shareware or fee
licensed software about disassembly and reverse engineering of code.
Public Domain
All creative works end up in the public domain eventually. In the case of
expired copyright, this can take quite some time. However, the software
producer is free to forego his copyrights and grant the software to the Public
Domain. In this case, anyone is free to use, copy, fold, spindle or mutilate
the software. But as pointed out in the context of Copylefting, this is not
always the best way to bequeath your software to the world since others are
free to make modifications to the software, thus creating derivative works
which can be protected as proprietary software by the modifier.